![]() 42, 71, 87, 88, 175 Generating functionally viable tissues-in-a-dish requires a specific niche and micro-architecture that should provide structural and mechanical support, sufficient nutrient supply, the required cell types, and the ability to remodel and integrate with the host once implanted. 46, 87, 88, 126, 137, 155 3D printing holds immense promise for the field of tissue engineering as it provides a rapid and robust approach for assembling functional, viable tissue in vitro. ![]() 64, 95 Current strategies aim to minimize the complexity of the fabrication process, delivering structural support and cells simultaneously through either scaffold-based designs or scaffold-less designs. 167 Early tissue engineering strategies included fabricating complex scaffolds followed with cell seeding. 152 The Food and Drug Administration has already approved tissue-engineered skin and cartilage for limited clinical applications. Tissue engineering combines biomaterial scaffolds, cells, and biomolecules to restore, maintain, or improve injured tissues or even whole organs. The Role of 3D Printing in Tissue Engineering ![]() Finally, we provide future directions for improving the current technologies, along with areas of focus for future work to translate these exciting technologies into clinical applications. We give relevant examples of such bioprinted tissues, including adipose tissue, blood vessels, bone, cardiac tissue, cartilage, heart valves, liver, muscle, neural tissue, and pancreas. We then detail the properties required for the bioinks used when printing viable tissues from stem cells. First, we cover 3D printing technologies and discuss the different types of stem cells used for tissue engineering applications. Here, we review the current state of the field of 3D printing stem cell derived tissues. Recently, it has been found that 3D printing constructs using stem cells, can generate models representing healthy or diseased tissues, as well as substitutes for diseased and damaged tissues. They also continuously proliferate, providing a renewable source of cells. Stem cells offer tremendous promise for regenerative medicine as they can become a variety of cell types.
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